Which of the Following Statements Regarding Family Income and Health Is Correct?
(c) eighty percent
2) Human capital theories of the gender gap in wages emphasize the influence of which of the following variables in determining pay?
(d) Work experience
iii) In domestic chores such as cooking and cleaning, survey data show that men perform what proportion of the piece of work done past women?
(b) Less than l pct
(Answer (c) was also taken as a correct response for this question, in case domestic chores was broadly interpreted to include all domestic piece of work.)
4) In 1990, spending on AFDC (in 1990 dollars) roughly totalled:
(a) $twenty billion
5) In 1990, spending on social security for the elderly (in 1990 dollars) roughly totalled:
(d) $225 billion
6) Which of the post-obit social programs is not means-tested?
(d) Medicaid
7) Table 1 indicates that the 1996 poverty rate in the United States is about:
(b) 10 percent
8) Co-ordinate to Table 1, the 1996 poverty rate among children is most:
(c) 15 pct
ix) Table one indicates that the House welfare reform bill would raise the overall poverty rate past near:
(b) 10 percent
ten. Table one shows that the Business firm welfare reform beak would have raised poverty the most among:
(b) Families with children
11) Which of the following statements is true:
(b) Earnings inequality is higher in the United States than in Western Europe, but European inequality is widely increasing.
12) Co-ordinate to sociologist Gosta Esping-Andersen, liberal welfare land regimes, similar the Us, are characterized by:
(a) Means-tests and a low level of benefits
13) William Julius Wilson'south theory of persistent urban poverty emphasizes the fundamental impact of:
(d) Joblessness due to the turn down of urban industry
xiv) Which of the following statements well-nigh postwar poverty trends is true:
(b) The general fall in the U.S. poverty rate was arrested in 1973.
fifteen) Which of the following statements is true:
(a) The gender gap in wages has declined over the last x years.
Part B
one. Describe how structural changes in the economy may have raised income inequality in the The states.
Technological change is often argued to be the master structural shift in the economy that has driven the rise in inequality. Prove for technological change is given past growing earnings inequality by education, and a few studies which show a high premium paid for using computers at work.
Other structural changes include deindustrialization, which may have contributed to job loss in the northeast and the midwest. Some researchers, like William Julius Wilson, claim that deindustrialization in urban centers has contributed to persistent urban poverty among African Americans.
ii. Briefly describe the departure between wealth and income, and the significance of the 2 concepts for understanding social inequality.
Wealth refers to the stock of avails held by a person or household at a single point in fourth dimension. These assets may include fiscal holdings and saving, just usually besides include the family habitation. Income refers to money received by a person or household over some period of time. Income includes wages, salaries, and cash assistance from the government.
In some ways, wealth is more of import for understanding social inequality because wealth generates income, so income inequality depends in part on wealth inequality. Research on racial inequality argues, that a big part of inequality between African Americans and whites is due to differences in wealth and bigotry against African Americans in the acquisition of wealth, particularly housing.
3. Describe differences between the funding and organization of social programs for poor families and the elderly in the United States. Relate these features of the programs to the process of policy reform.
Social programs for the poor, like AFDC, are administered at the country level and benefits are subject to means-tests. Consequently do good levels vary significantly across states, and the programs have weak redistributive effect. Programs for the elderly, like social security, are administered at the national level, and provision is universal, and the programs are strongly redistributive.
The residual character of AFDC reduces political support for the program, making AFDC susceptible to cutbacks and more restrictive eligibility requirements. The universal provision underlying social security has created powerful political constituency supporting the program. Consequently, social security benefits and eligibility requirements have been liberalized throughout the postwar flow.
iv. Describe how changes in women'due south labor strength participation has influenced inequality between the sexes.
Women'south labor strength participation has increased steadily throughout the postwar period. This has contributed to women'southward economical independence, and some have argued that rising labor strength participation is associated with increased labor force attachment and this has raised women's earnings. Thus rising labor forcefulness participation has reduced inequality between the sexes in the area of paid work.
Overall inequality betwixt the sexes may accept increased however because men do relatively little domestic piece of work. Working women commonly face up a second shift at home, subsequently the day of paid work has ended.
5. Human uppercase theory has ofttimes been used to account for gender inequality. Briefly describe man majuscule theory and explicate how it can be applied to agreement inequality more than generally.
Human capital letter theory argues that people's rewards in the labor market depend on their productivity. Individuals and households thus make investments in productivity of individuals---human capital---to maximize income.
Inequality between the sexes is often attributed to differences in human uppercase. This means that men are more than productive than women, commonly due to women'south child-rearing obligations. Consequently men are paid more women. Human capital theory could be applied to racial inequality. In this case, differences in earnings between blacks and white might be related to productivity differences due to educational inequality.
6. Briefly summarize the main features of the 1997 welfare reform.
The 1996 Personal Responsibleness and Piece of work Opportunity Reconciliation Act has v main features. First, the Human activity establishes a organization of block grants to the states. The grants can be used for any purpose described in the legislation including assist to needy families. Second, grants are conditional on state welfare plans that have work requirementd, in which welfare recipients must work after a specified catamenia. Third, time limits are imposed to foreclose people from collecting welfare for longer than a total five-year menstruum. 4th, boosted measures are included to prevent out-of-wedlock and teenage births. For instance, the new law requires that teenage mothers live with a parent or responsible adult to receive cash benefits. Finally, The legislation likewise enacts significant cuts in the budgets for food stamps and Supplemental Security Income.
7. Briefly compare patterns of income inequality in the United States to those in Europe, and outline explanations for these patterns.
Income inequality in the United States is significantly college than in the Europe. Of the European countries, the Scandinavian countries accept the lowest level of inequality. When income figures are adjusted to exist comparable across countries, the median U.s.a. household in general has college income the the European, just the poor the United States make less than the poor in Europe.
Two principal reasons have been offered to explain why inequality is so high in the United States compared to other countries. Outset, the United States has weakly developed institutions for income back up for families with children and for the elderly. 2d, unions are weak and the United States, simply relatively potent in Europe, and unions play an important role in raising the wages of low-wage workers.
Source: https://www.princeton.edu/~sociolog/ugrad/courses/fall1997/western_finalex_answers.html
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